There are a lot of resources covering the general safety issues in the mountains and we’ll discuss only some aspects of them which might be more specific for the region and therefore unexpected. This is not a complete list of all the possible troubles that may occur while being in the mountains of Bulgaria, so be sure to obtain that type of knowledge before starting your trip. Generally, relying on your common sense in combination with appropriate knowledge, equipment and skills is the way to save yourself from troubles of any sort. 

Losing your way – it’s common for this to happen in the mountains and usually if someone got lost a few times, he or she is confident enough to cope in those sorts of situations. Even if you follow clear markings, sometimes, especially in low visibility, unclear trail, lush vegetation and so on, you can be lost (in such cases the lost people usually say that markings “disappeared”, not that they got lost). The main rule is to find the last waymark that you remember, and not to continue walking without following waymarks. On some routes in the mountains of Bulgaria the waymarks are not in good condition and it takes time and effort to follow them – the best thing to do is to research in advance for the condition of the certain trail you want to take and judge carefully if you can cope. The ability to read a map and use a compass is very important in unknown environments and can save us a lot of trouble. Losing your way in winter can lead to much more troubles due to possible fall on avalanche prone slopes, hypothermia, caused by a long exposure to low temperatures (which might happen not only in winter) and so on. 

There are new issued GPS-compatible maps with a good scale (1:30 000 and 1:40 000) of Rila, Pirin and Vitosha Mountains, published by Iskar Tour. Problems may be caused by the older maps, issued by Kartographia, as they are scaled 1:50 000 , 1:70 000 or 1: 100 000 which is sometimes not sufficient for good orientation. Add to this the irrelevant current condition of some routes shown on the maps as they existed decades ago. Such a maps are still available in the book stores and are the only ones that cover Balkan and Rhodope Mountains at the moment. In the Rhodopes this is combined with a complicated relief, bad maintenance of the waymarks in some areas and number of crisscrossing roads and trails, which may turn orientating into a big hassle. 

Using a GPS-transceiver may be very helpful, but there are a few very important moments. The transceiver may not always work properly – because of weak satellite signal due to thick canope, complicated relief, etc. The GPS maps doesn’t show the terrain clear enough – it might be impassable because of (even very short) vertical sections, lush vegetation, slippery slopes, steep scree, etc. If you use GPS for orientating it is strongly recommended to upload relevant map of the certain area and tracks of the trails you are going to follow. Furthermore, you should be sure that your GPS is set to the same datum as of any GPS-compatible map you are going to use together with the unit (usually WGS84, read more in the manual of your GPS transceiver), otherwise significant discrepancies may occur. The GPS should be also set to the same position format as any coordinates you upload from a map or anywhere else. 

Slippery slopes – this is common in summer after rain or early morning frost and might be a problem when crossing steep rock or grass-covered sections. The most common trap is in early summer, between May and June, when there is still a few snow drifts in the highest parts of the mountains, some of them on the summer hiking trails. Crossing covered in snow steep slopes without any type of belaying may lead to uncontrolled fall, injuries or death.

Snowfalls in summer, severe weather – it is not a common issue, but happens sometimes and should be treated seriously – proper equipment and following the weather forecasts are essential. 

Avalanches – every year there are avalanche accidents caused by humans in the high mountains so proper equipment, knowledge and judgement are essential if going to the mountains between December and April.

Wildlife – rare emergencies occur because of snake or tick bites, attacks by wild or shepherd dogs or bears.

There are six types of poisonous snakes in Bulgaria, but only two of them can actually cause problems to humans. These are the vipers and the horn vipers. Vipers are more common in the high mountains and can be seen on a high altitude. Both are not aggressive – they usually try to avoid people and accidents happen when somebody steps on them unexpectedly. Anyway, they are not deadly poisonous and a snakebite can only take you to the hospital for a few days, unless you are allergic to their poison, which is the most common cause of death. Immediate actions and medical assistance are needed in any case of snakebite. Precautions include long trousers and ankle supporting boots, trekking poles and paying attention every step of the way.

Dogs – sometimes shepherd dogs bark and simulate attack to strangers passing near their herds. The best thing to do is to go around them, or to stay calm and not show any aggressive intentions till the shepherd cope with the dogs or they calm down on their own. Sometimes throwing stones or using your trekking poles may help, but it depends on the dog’s character. Any dog bites should be treated in a hospital because of possible infections.

Ticks are most active in spring and early summer, usually they can be found near domestic animal habitats like pastures, and not very often in the high mountains. In rare cases they may cause diseases like Lyme borrellosis or TBE. The precautions include checking your skin daily for potential bites, avoiding areas with lush vegetation and high humidity or near livestock, wearing proper clothing that covers the body and use of repellents. Most important is the fast and correct removal of the tick, which should be done by a competent person, and further monitoring of potential symptoms.

Brown bears are also “shy” and try to avoid people, exception form this are those who start to attack livestock or even humans – this happens very rarely in different regions, most often in the Rhodope Mountains, and the bear is killed quite quickly by the local rangers. Such a situation is not common – it will be in the local news and the area of the cannibal-bear will be known by the locals. Unexpected meeting with a brown bear in the mountains can happen and usually the bear will run away, unless it has to protect its offspring or is angry for some other reason. Precautions – it is not recommended to walk in absolute silence in an areas away from any humans. All the other recommendations are not 100% proved in life, so improvise. 

Bulgarian Mountain Rescue (PSS, ПСС) has bases with 24/7 stuff in the most popular mountain areas. In case of emergency you can contact them via 112 or +359 14 70.